Process and apparatus for generating hydrogen

ABSTRACT

A solution is to be created, with a method and a device for generating hydrogen, in which silicon and/or an alloy that contains silicon is reacted in a reaction vessel ( 1 ), with an alkaline solution as a catalyst, so that the process, after starting, runs continuously and catalytically in the presence of silicon dioxide as a nucleating agent, without further addition of lye and without using higher pressures and temperatures (hydrothermal conditions). This is achieved in that the alkaline solution is used in a strongly sub-stoichiometric amount with reference to the entire reaction, whereby the silicon dioxide that is formed is precipitated onto crystallization nuclei.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and Applicant claims priority under35 U.S.C. §§120 and 121 of parent U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/084,815, which application is a national stage application under 35U.S.C. §371 of PCT/EP2006/010724 filed on Nov. 9, 2006, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of German Application No. 10 2005 053781.2 filed on Nov. 9, 2005 and German Application No. 10 2006 020 786.6filed May 3, 2006, the disclosures of each of which are herebyincorporated by reference. The international application under PCTarticle 21(2) was not published in English.

STATE OF THE ART

A method for generating hydrogen is disclosed in DE 102 01 773 A1, inwhich water is sprayed onto fine-particle silicon in a reaction chamber.In contrast to the method according to the invention, the addition of acatalyst is not described.

-   JP 2004115349 discloses a method in which fine-particle silicon    powder is oxidized with water over a long period of time.-   JP 2004115348 describes a non-catalytic process in which water    heated for hydrogen production is pressed through a cartridge that    contains silicon.

Similar methods are state of the art (DE 21 67 68; U.S. Pat. No.909,536; U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,102; DE 101 55 171 A1; DE 199 54 513; JP2004307328). These use different grades of silicon, e.g. silicon scrapfrom electronics production (JP 2004307328), for generating hydrogen,e.g. for the operation of fuel cells. In addition to practicalutilization of silicon scrap, the good storage and transportcapabilities and the comparatively low price of silicon (as comparedwith aluminum, for example) stand in the foreground here. In the patentapplication JP 2004307328 of Sanyo Electric Co., a simple device isdescribed, in which scrap silicon from electronics production is broughtinto contact with an alkaline solution, such as caustic soda, in avessel. In this connection, the lye reacts with the SiO₂ that covers thesurface of the silicon, to form sodium silicate and H₂O, and theremaining Si reacts with H₂O to form silicic acid and hydrogen. It isdisadvantageous that one proceeds from the assumption that thesubstances to be brought to reaction must stand in a stoichiometricratio to one another, thereby establishing the proportion of thehydrogen to be obtained by means of the molar ratio of the caustic sodato the silicon oxide (which passivates the surface) and the silicon thatlies underneath, ending with the completely stoichiometric formation ofsodium silicate. This requires a large amount of relatively expensivecaustic soda and results in a large amount of sodium silicate, whichmust be disposed of.

In another known method (DE 21 67 68), the caustic soda that is used upis regenerated by adding slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂), and therefore inaddition to silicon and water, slaked lime or caustic lime has to beused, and the amount of waste increases due to the formation of calciumsilicate.

In another known method (U.S. Pat. No. 909,536), sodium metal is usedfor generating hydrogen, and silicon or aluminum is added to increasethe hydrogen yield per kg sodium, since the latter is expensive. In thisconnection, the silicon reacts with the caustic soda that has formedfrom the sodium metal, to produce a sodium silicate solution. The highprice of the sodium used and the high risk of using alkali metals (e.g.easy inflammability, poor storage capability) are disadvantageous.

Another known method (U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,751) reacts a mixture ofaluminum and silicon with an aqueous lye, whereby alumosilicate, whichhas low solubility, is to be formed. Again, it is disadvantageous thatstoichiometric amounts of lye are consumed, making the method moreexpensive, and that the amount of waste is relatively great, due to theformation of the alumosilicate.

Another method (U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,102), in which silicon is mixed withNaCl, in order to prevent the deposition of sodium silicate, which haspoor solubility, on the surface of the silicon, during the subsequentreaction with caustic soda, possesses similar disadvantages. Here, too,the consumption of NaCl is another disadvantage, increasing the costs ofthe process.

Another known method (WO 02/14213) reacts silicon with water, at anapproximately neutral pH, after it has been intimately ground togetherwith silicon dioxide (as a “catalyst”). It is disadvantageous that thereaction yields a noteworthy conversion only when using large amounts ofsilicon dioxide, which makes the grinding process, which is expensive inany case, even more complicated. Furthermore, the conversion rates arevery low, because the work is carried out at pH values around theneutral point, and the reactions rapidly come to a halt due topassivation of the silicon surface, so that renewed grinding of themixture becomes necessary.

Another known method (DE 199 54 513 A1) circumvents the problem of thelow reaction rate of the previous method by working at a hightemperature (>170° C.) and using caustic soda as the reaction medium.The lye is then regenerated in a separate crystallizer, formingcrystalline silicon dioxide, under hydrothermal conditions. Working athigh temperatures (hydrothermal conditions) is disadvantageous, since itcauses high pressures to occur, which make an expensive reactor designnecessary. Furthermore, precise temperature control and constantcirculation pumping of the reaction solution, with adherence to aprecise temperature gradient, are necessary in order to allow thesilicon dioxide crystals to grow in the crystallizer in targeted manner,and not in the reaction region or on the surface of the silicon used, ifat all possible.

In another method by the same applicant (DE 101 55 171 A1), the problemof undesirable growth of the silicon dioxide crystals on the surface ofthe silicon used is counteracted in that the silicon is completelybrought into solution with a sufficient amount of lye. It isdisadvantageous that a large amount of lye is used, which must beregenerated in a subsequent step, in complicated manner (hydrothermalcrystal synthesis).

The invention is based on the task of clearly improving the known methodof generating hydrogen from silicon or amphoteric elements such asaluminum or zinc and an aqueous alkaline solution, in a closed vessel,to the effect that the process proceeds catalytically and continuouslyafter it starts, in the presence of silicon oxide as a nucleating agent,without further feed of lye, and without using high pressures andtemperatures (hydrothermal conditions).

According to the method according to the invention, an alkaline solution(catalyst), e.g. sodium silicate solution, is added to the silicongrains contained in the solution, in a clearly sub-stoichiometric ratiowith reference to the entire reaction, and crystallization nuclei, e.g.finely ground quartz meal, are added to the solution for the siliconoxide that newly forms from the silicon.

According to the invention, it proves to be advantageous to work at acatalyst concentration between 10⁻⁴ mol/L -10 mol/L.

Although the reaction already takes place at room temperature, it provesto be advantageous to work at an elevated temperature, e.g. between 50°C. and the boiling point of the solution, in order to achieve a higherrate of conversion. Although the reaction releases enough heat tomaintain the desired reaction temperature if the reactor walls aresufficiently insulated thermally, external heating of the reactor isprovided for a quick start of the reaction. It is also advantageous tothermally insulate other devices that carry media, in order to preventsupersaturation of the solution due to cooling.

In the end result, the silicon placed into the solution is dissolved,and in this connection reacts with the water of the solution, in thepresence of the catalyst, giving off hydrogen, to form silicates thatdecompose on the crystallization nuclei, splitting off silicon dioxide,and release the catalyst again when they do so. In order to guarantee aspeedy start of the reaction, it proves to be advantageous to start thereaction with a mixture of approximately 90% silicon and 10%crystallization nuclei, but the reaction can also be reliably startedwith mixture ratios that deviate significantly from this. Any materialsthat promote spontaneous crystallization of an SiO₂ modification, i.e.the precipitation of hydrated SiO₂ (depending on the reactionconditions), because of their high surface and their crystal structure,are suitable as crystallization nuclei, whereby quartz meal is preferredbecause of its low price. The silicon grains themselves, with theiradhering oxide layer, can also assume this task. In this case, it isadvantageous to use a relatively high proportion of fine silicon thatpossesses the necessary high surface in the mixture.

The catalyst allows an extensive reaction of the silicon with the water,in that it promotes the transport of the oxidized silicon from thesurface of the silicon grains to the crystallization nuclei, which areadded in the form of quartz meal, for example, or which form during thereaction. The precipitated SiO₂ can be drawn off by way of a draw-offdevice. The grain size of the crystallization nuclei can be variedwithin broad ranges, whereby fine material (<10 μm) is preferred due toits high specific surface. The material containing SiO₂ that hasprecipitated during preceding reactions is used with particularpreference.

The resulting hydrogen is drawn off from the device by way of acondenser for removing steam, as is known from the state of the art,then compressed and stored in a pressure vessel, a hydride storagedevice or the like, or directly supplied to a consumer, for example afuel cell.

The method according to the invention ends, if no further silicon isplaced into the reaction mixture, with complete oxidation of the siliconplaced into the device, or of the amphoteric elements placed into thedevice.

It proves to be advantageous to provide that a method that has once beenstarted for generating hydrogen can also be interrupted. Here, it isprovided that removal of the hydrogen from the device according to theinvention can be stopped in that no further hydrogen is removed from thedevice, so that pressure builds up in the device, and the aqueous lyecan be pressed into a second vessel, along with the intermediatereaction products, and the silicon to be oxidized or the amphotericelements remain in the first vessel, within the filter basket, andthereby any further reactions are interrupted. If the process itsupposed to be continued, solution situated in the second vessel ispressed back into the first vessel, and the reaction is continued.

A preferred method for controlling the progress of the reaction is toadd the catalyst to the reaction mixture over a longer period of time.In this manner, the concentration of the catalyst is slowly increased,and a more uniform development of hydrogen is achieved. Anotherpreferred method for controlling the progress of the reaction is to addthe silicon to the reaction mixture continuously or discontinuously. Inthis manner, first of all, a more uniform hydrogen development isachieved, and second, the amount of hydrogen that can maximally developis limited, if the reaction must be shut off for some reason.

The grain size of the silicon is not critical for the process, so thatboth silicon in the form of dust (<1 μm) and coarse pieces (>1 cm) canbe used. The size used is limited when using a filter basket, in thatthe pieces should clearly be larger than the pore size of the filterbeing used, in order to guarantee the greatest possible conversionbefore the particles can fall through the filter, whereby a more rapidreaction takes place when using finer particles (e.g. 20-400 μm),because of the higher specific surface.

The method for generating hydrogen, according to the invention, can alsobe used in that zinc or aluminum or magnesium are added to the solutionin place of silicon.

Another method for generating hydrogen, according to the invention, ischaracterized in that scrap silicon from electronics production isbrought together with caustic soda in a sub-stoichiometric ratio in areaction vessel, and crystallization nuclei of quartz meal are added tothe solution, and that the resulting hydrogen can be drawn off, untilthe scrap silicon that has been brought into the solution has completelyoxidized on the crystallization nuclei.

Instead of silicon, zinc, aluminum, or magnesium can be added to thesolution for oxidation, in advantageous manner.

It is advantageous that the caustic soda of the solution is supplied ina sub-stoichiometric ratio between 0.5 and 30.0% at the beginning of thereaction.

The solution can be drawn off by way of a filter press, if necessary,and silicon dioxide can be removed from the solution in the filter pressand taken out of the process.

In an embodiment, the solution remaining in the filter press can bepassed back into the reaction vessel, adding fresh water.

It is advantageous that quartz meal can be supplied to the reactionvessel discontinuously or continuously, by way of a device.

Furthermore, hydrogen gas can be removed from the device by way of afilter, for compression and storing pressure.

It is possible that the reaction process in the reaction vessel is madepossible by means of a pressure-related displacement of the solution ina storage vessel.

Another alternative embodiment of the method for generating hydrogen,according to the invention, is characterized in that silicon is oxidizedto form silicon oxide, in a reaction vessel, catalytically, with analkaline solution, and that crystallization nuclei made of quartz mealare added to the solution, and that the resulting hydrogen can be drawnoff.

Aside from the advantageous embodiments described above, which are alsopossible for this additional method according to the invention, it canbe advantageous that the alkaline solution has a pH between 8 and 15,which corresponds to an OH concentration of 10⁻⁶ mol/L-10 mol/L, and thesubstance mixture of H₂O, nuclei-forming agents, and reaction elementsis supplied, at the beginning of the reaction, in a sub-stoichiometricratio between 0.5 and 30.0% of the ratio between NaOH and the elementsto be oxidized.

In another advantageous embodiment, the reaction of the reaction mixturepreferably takes place within a filter basket within the reactionvessel.

In this connection, it is advantageously possible that when the solutionwith fresh water is supplied again, the solution flows through a devicethat produces turbulence and eddying.

This device will be explained in greater detail below, together withother advantageous embodiments, along with the method according to theinvention, using several drawings. These show, in:

FIGS. 1 to 4 the results of various experiments to implement the methodaccording to the invention,

FIG. 5 a device for technical implementation of the method according tothe invention, in a schematic representation,

FIG. 6 another device for technical implementation of the methodaccording to the invention,

FIG. 7 another alternative device for technical implementation of themethod according to the invention, and in

FIG. 8 yet another alternative device for technical implementation ofthe method according to the invention.

The invention will be described below, using exemplary embodiments:

EXAMPLE 1

Comparison of silicon batches having different grain sizes (cf. FIG. 1):

20 g Si (0-70 μm or 200-400 μm), 100 ml demineralized water, and 10 mlsilicate of sodium are heated to boiling in a reaction vessel, whilestirring. The resulting hydrogen is freed of the major portion of thesteam adhering to it in an intensive cooler, and is passed through atube containing glass wool to remove aerosol particles. The hydrogendevelopment is recorded with a flow measurement device and plottedgraphically. This shows that finer silicon powder yields a higherhydrogen flow at a shorter experiment time. When using a silicon batchhaving a grain size of 0-70 μm, the hydrogen development continues forapproximately 5.5 h. When using a silicon batch having a grain size of200-400 μm, the hydrogen development continues for approximately 9 h.During this experiment, the gas development is very strong at thebeginning, then decreases rapidly, and becomes very weak towards the end(cf. FIG. 3, V. 5 and V. 6).

EXAMPLE 2

Constant hydrogen development over a longer period of time (cf. FIG. 2):

20 g Si (0-70 μm) and 50 ml demineralized water are heated to boiling ina reaction vessel, while stirring. A mixture of 10 ml silicate of sodiumand 40 ml demineralized water is dripped into this suspension.

At the beginning, a high drip speed is selected (300 ml/h), in order toget the reaction underway quickly, but this is regulated back during therapid increase. When the maximum is reached, the hydrogen development iskept approximately constant over approximately 1.5 h, by varying thedrip speed. The decrease in gas development takes place relativelyrapidly when the reaction is conducted this way.

EXAMPLE 3

Reaction on a larger scale (cf. FIG. 3):

80 g Si (200-400 μm) and 350 ml demineralized water are heated toboiling in a reaction vessel, while stirring. A mixture of 40 mlsilicate of sodium and 10 ml demineralized water is dripped into thissuspension.

At the beginning, a high drip speed is selected (300 ml/h), in order toget the reaction underway quickly, but this is regulated back during therapid increase. At the beginning, the gas development runs out of themeasurement range, so that it has to be shut off for a few minutes.Afterwards, it is possible to regulate the reaction well. A comparisonwith smaller batches shows that the reaction can be scaled directly.

EXAMPLE 4

Experiments concerning the catalytic nature of the method (cf. FIG. 4):

The mixture from Example 2, which has finished reacting, is refreshedwith 20 g Si (0-70 μm) and 25 ml demineralized water after 24 h, andagain heated to boiling, while stirring. The reaction startsspontaneously and yields a similar amount of hydrogen as the firstreaction, in a comparable time.

After another 24 h, the mixture from the previous experiment, which hasfinished reacting, is refreshed with another 20 g Si (0-70 μm) and 25 mldemineralized water, and heated to boiling, while stirring. In thiscase, too, the reaction starts spontaneously and again yields acomparable amount of hydrogen in a similar time. This shows that thecatalyst survives three reaction cycles without any clear loss inactivity.

In the following exemplary embodiments, elements that are the same orhave the same effect are provided with the same reference symbols.

In the first embodiment of a device according to the invention shown inFIG. 5, silicon and caustic soda, for example, and crystallizationnuclei are brought together in a reaction vessel 1. The resultinghydrogen is passed to a hydrogen filter 6 by way of the drain line 5,and to a pressure storage unit 9 by way of a pressure increase device 7and a filling valve 8.

The mixture in the reaction vessel 1 is circulated by way of a removaldevice 12, whereby resulting solids can be removed from the circulationby way of a kick-back valve 14 and a removal device 15. Fresh water canbe supplied by way of the container 10 and a control valve 11. Siliconand/or quartz meal can be added to the reaction vessel 1 by way of acharging device 4. If no hydrogen is removed from circulation, theaqueous solution with the reaction mixture is pressed into a storagevessel 2 with its liquid components, by way of control valves 3, andhydrogen formation in the reaction vessel 1 comes to a standstill. Whenpressure is relieved from the reaction vessel 1, for example by removinghydrogen by way of the pressure increase device 7 and the filling valve8, the solution is pressed out of the storage vessel 2 back into thereaction vessel 1, and hydrogen formation can be continued.

The device shown in FIG. 6 has a similar fundamental structure as theone shown in FIG. 5.

Supplementally, the reaction vessel 1 has a filter basket 20 that canretain solid components of the reaction mixture. Furthermore, theremoval device 12 is disposed at the bottom of the reaction vessel. Thecirculated reaction mixture is passed back to the reaction vessel 1 byway of a turbulence generator 17, for example a nozzle that produces aneddy or spin, in order to achieve better, more thorough mixing in thereaction vessel 1. Aside from the separation or pressure increase device7 for hydrogen, a hydrogen consumer 19, such as a fuel cell, and aremoval valve 18 are directly connected with the apparatus, in additionto the pressure storage unit 9. The reaction vessel 1 is insulated bymeans of a heating/insulation mantle 21, in order to achieve bettertemperature stability.

Another embodiment of a device according to the invention is shown inFIG. 7.

A mixture of water and silicon is heated to the reaction temperature(e.g. boiling temperature of water) in the reaction vessel 1, using theheating mantle 21; catalyst is added by way of the metering device forcatalyst 26, in the desired amount, and the desired amount of nucleatingagent (e.g. SiO₂ from the preceding reaction) is added to the reactionmixture from the supply container for nucleating agent 27, using themetering device 16, for a quick and reliable start of the reaction. Themotor 24 with stirrer shaft 23 prevents the solids from clumpingtogether, by thoroughly mixing the suspension. The hydrogen that hasdeveloped passes through the mist separator 31 after it leaves thereactor, where entrained droplets are precipitated, and through thecooler 22, where entrained steam is condensed. The drain line 5 containsa hydrogen filter 6 that is designed in accordance with the purityrequirements for the hydrogen produced. The device 7 compresses thehydrogen for storage in the pressure container 9, or pumps it to theconsumer 19 (e.g. a fuel cell).

As examples, two variants for operating the device are described:

Variant 1: Water, catalyst, and nucleating agent are presented andbrought to reaction temperature (e.g. 90° C.) by means of heating mantle21. The desired amount of silicon is added by way of the charging device4, and continues to be metered in during the reaction, in order to keepthe gas flow constant or to change it in desired manner, whereby thecirculation pump 30 draws dried hydrogen in through the cooler 22, byway of the circulation line 29, and generates a circulation thatprevents the silicon from becoming damp from rising steam out of thereaction vessel 1, and the silicon powder from therefore clumpingtogether in the region of the charging device 4. Consumed water isreplaced by adding fresh water via the control valve 11. The addition ofmore silicon is stopped, at the latest, when the reaction mixturereaches a specific viscosity that makes it necessary to remove thesilicon dioxide that has formed from the reaction mixture. For thispurpose, the removal device 12 transports the reaction mixture into thefilter device 13, in which the solid components are separated (e.g. withfilter cloth presses) and conveyed into the supply container 27 by wayof the removal device 15. From this container, the desired amount ofnucleating agent is placed into the reaction vessel 1 as needed (e.g.when starting a new reaction after cleaning the reaction vessel 1).Excess solid is removed by way of the drain valve 14 and the drainconnector 36 and passed on to further utilization (cement industry,glass producers, etc.). The filtrate is passed back into the reactionvessel 1 and enriched with fresh water from the supply container 10there. The type of fresh water is not critical, in this connection, sothat not only demineralized water but also drinking water, processwater, river water, etc., can be used.

Variant 2: Water, nucleating agent, and the entire amount of silicon arepresented and brought to reaction temperature. For this purpose, alittle catalyst is added by way of the metering device 26, so that thereaction starts. By metering catalyst in during the reaction, thedesired hydrogen flow is established. Processing takes place asdescribed for Variant 1.

The embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 8 fundamentallycorresponds to that shown in FIG. 7. In addition, it allows interruptionof the hydrogen development, in that the reaction solution is pressedinto the storage vessel 2 by means of the refilling device 3. In thisconnection, the filter basket 20 ensures that the silicon remains in thereaction vessel 1, for the most part, whereby the meshes of the filterbasket should be clearly smaller than the average particle size of thesilicon grains. The gas dispensing line 32 assures pressure equalizationwhen solution is pumped back and forth between the two vessels, andensures that hydrogen that forms from fine silicon particles that arenot retained by the filter basket can escape. The refilling device 3does not necessarily have to be a pump, but instead, the refillingprocess can also be achieved by lifting and lowering the storage vessel(if flexible lines are provided), for example. In order to allow faststopping of the reaction in the storage vessel 2 even in the presence offine-particle residual silicon, if necessary, the storage vessel 2 isequipped with a cooling device 33.

The invention is not limited to the above exemplary embodiments andoperational variants, but instead can still be modified in manydifferent ways, without departing from the basic idea. The precise typeof structure of the devices, in particular, can be modified within broadranges, as long as the fundamental method according to the invention canrun on them. The type and configuration of the different supply, feed,drain, mixing, heating, and cooling devices can be varied in accordancewith the skill of a person skilled in the art, as can the relatedcontrol and system technology. The same holds true for the type and useof the hydrogen generated, the waste products, and other intermediatereaction products. The starting materials can stem from differentsources, as long as they have the chemical properties required for thereaction to proceed.

REFERENCE SYMBOL LIST

-   1. reaction vessel-   2. storage vessel for production interruption-   3. control valves between reaction vessel and storage vessel-   4. charging device for silicon and quartz meal-   5. drain line for hydrogen-   6. hydrogen filter-   7. pressure increase device or compressor for hydrogen-   8. filling valve for hydrogen pressure container-   9. pressure storage unit for hydrogen-   10. supply container for fresh water-   11. control valve for fresh water feed-   12. removal device or pump for reaction mixture-   13. filter device or press for separating solid and liquid-   14. kick-back valve-   15. removal device for solid-   16. metering device for nucleating agent-   17. turbulence generator-   18. removal valve for hydrogen-   19. hydrogen consumer-   20. filter basket-   21. heating/insulation mantle-   22. cooler/condenser for steam-   23. stirrer mechanism-   24. stirrer motor-   25. supply container for catalyst-   26. metering device for catalyst-   27. supply container for nucleating agent-   28. supply container for silicon-   29. circulation line for hydrogen-   30. circulation pump for hydrogen-   31. mist separator-   32. gas dispensing line-   33. cooling device-   34. refilling device between reaction vessel and storage vessel-   35. drain valve for solid-   36. drain connector for solid

1. A device for generating hydrogen comprising a reaction vessel (1) fora reaction mixture, a charging device (4) for silicon and/or an alloythat contains silicon, a device for adding alkaline solution as acatalyst, and a device for adding crystallization nuclei.
 2. The deviceaccording to claim 1, further comprising a control device for meteredaddition of the silicon and/or the alloy that contains silicon and/orthe catalyst and/or the crystallization nuclei.
 3. The device accordingto claim 2, wherein the control device is configured for time-meteredaddition of the catalyst and/or the silicon and/or is configured foraddition of the catalyst and/or the silicon by measurement of hydrogendevelopment.
 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the chargingdevice (4) for silicon is configured so that a dry flushing gas can flowthrough the charging device.
 5. The device according to claim 1, furthercomprising a circulation pump (30) and a cooler (22).
 6. The deviceaccording to claim 1, further comprising a separation device forseparating solids from the reaction mixture.
 7. The device according toclaim 6, wherein the separation device is configured as a filter pressand/or a centrifuge.
 8. The device according to claim 1, furthercomprising a mist separator (31).
 9. The device according to claim 8,wherein the mist separator (31) comprises a filler body column and/or acyclone.
 10. The device according to claim 1, further comprising astorage vessel (2) for displacement of the solution.
 11. The deviceaccording to claim 10, wherein the storage vessel has cooling.